Philosophy Dictionary of ArgumentsHome
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| Nature, philosophy: nature is usually defined as the part of reality that was not made or designed by humans. No properties can be attributed to nature. E.g. since contradiction is ultimately a language problem, one can say that nature cannot be contradictory. Not all forms of necessity can be attributed to nature, e.g. non-logical necessity and unnecessary existence. See also de re, de dicto, necessity de re, existence._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. | |||
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P. L. M. de Maupertuis on Nature - Dictionary of Arguments
Gould IV 114 Nature/Maupertuis: thesis: Nature has an equal interest in the survival of all species.(1) >Evolution, >Species. IV 117 Embryology: in the 18th century: Thesis: There is a small homunculus in the egg. It didn't have to be a perfect miniature, but all structures had not only to be existent from the beginning, but also connected from the very beginning! Epigeneticians/MaupertuisVsEmbryology: Maupertuis's thesis: the visible signs of development must also be literally respected as truth. Gould: the embryo seemed to differentiate more complex parts from originally simpler ones. So it had to behave like that in reality. PreformismusVsEpigenese/VsMaupertuis: the argument: the microscopes of that time were not sufficient to recognize this. >Method, >Theory. MaupertuisVsPreformism: the oocytes of the homunculus had to contain other, much smaller homunculi, and this back over countless generations. Up to unimaginable tiny details. All the people of world history must already have been preformed in Eva's ovaries. IV 122 Maupertuis: Thesis: A kind of gravity would have to bring together the right parts to form a fetus. For example, an additional finger never springs from the belly or back of the head, but connects to the other five. IV 123 Gould: from today's point of view, this basic assumption was justified. Complexity cannot arise from transformed potential. There must be something in the egg and sperm. But today we have a completely different idea of this "something". >Forces, >Complexity. 1. P. L. M. de Maupertuis, Venus physique, Paris, (1745)_____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution. Translations: Dictionary of Arguments The note [Concept/Author], [Author1]Vs[Author2] or [Author]Vs[term] resp. "problem:"/"solution:", "old:"/"new:" and "thesis:" is an addition from the Dictionary of Arguments. If a German edition is specified, the page numbers refer to this edition. |
Mauper I P. L. M. de Maupertuis The Earthly Venus 1966 Gould I Stephen Jay Gould The Panda’s Thumb. More Reflections in Natural History, New York 1980 German Edition: Der Daumen des Panda Frankfurt 2009 Gould II Stephen Jay Gould Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes. Further Reflections in Natural History, New York 1983 German Edition: Wie das Zebra zu seinen Streifen kommt Frankfurt 1991 Gould III Stephen Jay Gould Full House. The Spread of Excellence from Plato to Darwin, New York 1996 German Edition: Illusion Fortschritt Frankfurt 2004 Gould IV Stephen Jay Gould The Flamingo’s Smile. Reflections in Natural History, New York 1985 German Edition: Das Lächeln des Flamingos Basel 1989 |
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> Counter arguments against Maupertuis
> Counter arguments in relation to Nature
Ed. Martin Schulz, access date 2024-04-28